According to Escobar and Vos
(2022), Amazonian fruits are emerging as a productive force, given their
high-quality nutritional potential. Farmers are increasingly joining forces to
promote the consumption of these agricultural products through organizational
efforts that are gradually strengthening as they acquire training and technical
support. In Colombia, for example, experts such as Galeano (2011) and Forbes
(2023) state that the copoazú fruit is one of these promising, exotic Amazonian
fruits with multiple applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic
industries, where a high content of polyphenolic compounds with important
benefits for human health and well-being has even been found.
In Caquetá, copoazú areas are part
of Colombia's biodiversity (Pabón, 2022), where this crop has emerged as an
attractive and profitable business opportunity that promotes economic
development in one of the regions most affected by years of violence, discrimination,
inequality, poverty, and conflict (Meneses, 2020). Poverty reaches alarming
levels of 47 %, with extreme poverty at 10 %, according to recent reports
(DONATE, 2022). Hence, this internship work is an opportunity to support
producers in the village of Balcanes in Florencia, Caquetá, to strengthen
organic farming and train these farmers efficiently in the technical management
of copoazú.
With these initiatives, producers
in this village will be able to establish sustainable and environmentally
friendly copoazú crops, ensuring the well-being of their families and the
surrounding community. It is hoped that a training plan consisting of learning
modules will contribute significantly to their technical knowledge so that they
can increase their productivity and, as a result, achieve better incomes that
will allow them to have a good quality of life. All of this is being done with
the research goal of implementing clear actions toward establishing sustainable
agriculture, essential for promoting economic and social development,
especially in this rural community, to reduce poverty and inequality (FAO,
2022).
The overall objective of this
document is to “Develop a training plan on the technical management of copoazú
cultivation for producers in the village of Balcanes in the municipality of
Florencia, Caquetá,” to provide technical assistance and support for the
development of solid knowledge so that copoazú producers can obtain more
significant benefits from their crops. To achieve this purpose, actions will be
carried out in line with specific objectives, starting with an assessment of
producers' knowledge, followed by the design and implementation of learning
modules on topics of interest, and, finally, an analysis of the learning
methodology developed to achieve the overall objective.
The processes will be managed from
a qualitative, descriptive approach, applying survey techniques, interviews,
and learning modules to six (6) copoazú farmers from the Balcones de Florencia
village in Caquetá, who was chosen for convenience, as this is a
non-probabilistic technique that allows access to study participants for the
duration of the internship.
There are currently various
scientific and research contributions that highlight the importance of
improving crop management techniques (Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations [FAO], 2022) through strengthening and training plans in response
to the need to achieve sustainable agriculture (Economic Commission for Latin
America and the Caribbean [ECLAC] and FAO, 2022), that allow food to be
produced efficiently and profitably without compromising soil and ecosystem
health (Sarandón, 2020); with strategic actions for the preservation and
conservation of biodiversity (Sans, 2022).
Shiva (2020) and Albarracín et al.
(2019) state that sustainable agriculture is essential for promoting economic
and social development, especially in rural communities, and is a key issue
underlying the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically Goal 2: “zero
hunger,” goal 12: ‘responsible consumption and production,’ and goal 13:
‘climate action’ (ECLAC and FAO, 2022). They also establish that sustainable
agriculture can contribute to eradicating hunger by ensuring food security
through better use and exploitation of natural resources (Masís, 2010),
mitigating climate change, and offering resistant, abundant, diverse, and
healthy crops (Spanish Office for Climate Change [OECC], 2022).
Amazonian fruits, for example, are
grown and consumed in different parts of the world. Still, most of the
production and consumption is concentrated in Brazil and other countries in the
Amazon region (Murcia & Vargas, 2019). According to Aguilar (2020), the
Amazonian fruit production chain is estimated to benefit more than one million
harvesting and processing families in this region. The Amazonian fruit copoazú
is grown in several areas with extensive land and climatic diversity
(M.A.C.I.A., 2019). In Bolivia, copoazú is known as white cacao and is
considered a profitable fruit for export (Polanco, 2022). In Peru, there are
regions with a large production of this native fruit, which benefits the rural,
family, and community economy (Zarate, 2022).
However, in the international
context where copoazú-producing countries are located, a complex picture
emerges, with a lack of technical assistance and skilled labor for crop
management (Aguilar, 2020), where rural producers do not have access to ongoing
training through strengthening and technical management plans for this crop,
This means that this Amazonian fruit is not being used to its full potential
(Meneses, 2020). In Peru, given this problem, the National Agricultural Health
Service (SENASA, 2017) has provided technical assistance to copoazú farmers,
reducing the incidence of pests and improving the quality of local production.
In Bolivia, problems are also
evident due to the lack of ongoing training, generational change, and limited
technical supervision, which hinders the export of copoazú (Villafuerte, 2021).
Producers do not always have access to the information or resources necessary
to harvest this fruit effectively (Lucias, 2017). Similarly, Murcia et al.
(2019) state that forest fires in this country have destroyed many crops,
creating considerable uncertainty about their future sustainability. In
addition, access to markets and land are analyzed as other problems facing
copoazú cultivation, where there is no infrastructure, adequate distribution
channels, or land available for cultivation, which limits production and
profitability (Ramírez & Wesz, 2022).
In Colombia, experts such as
Galeano (2011) argue that the copoazú fruit is considered exotic and promising,
with multiple applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic
industries. It is even a promising fruit due to its high polyphenolic compound
content, potentially benefiting human health and well-being (Forbes, 2023). In
addition, its harvests are attractive for economic growth, especially in
Amazonian regions severely affected by conflict and violence (DONATE, 2022).
Copoazú areas in Colombia are
explicitly found in Caquetá, which is considered one of the fruits of Colombian
biodiversity (Pabón, 2022). Its cultivation represents an attractive business
opportunity to promote development in conflict-affected and rural areas such as
those in the Department of Caquetá (DONATE, 2022). In Meneses' study (2020), a
copoazú planting area of 50 hectares was recorded in 2016 in the Colombian
Amazon, where the harvest area in 2016 was 45 hectares with a production of 260
tons and a yield of 5.78 tons per hectare.
However, problems are analyzed in
this region of the country, where there is an ineffective process for technical
assistance (Contreras, 2017), and training processes are only aimed at training
but not at effective education in technical crop management. As a result, it is
common to find isolated and disjointed processes that are far removed from what
producers really need, as heterogeneous conditions arise according to the
context and reality, revealing needs that must be addressed (Gutiérrez et al.,
2019). Thus, some needs highlight the importance of strengthening sustainable
agriculture with strategic actions that lead to the establishment of profitable
copoazú crops that contribute to food security alongside economic growth (Ríos,
2019), especially in this area where poverty reaches 47 % and extreme poverty
10 %, with producers interested in finding ways to generate economic benefits
while protecting forests and ecosystems (DONATE, 2022).
Although copoazú cultivation and
fruit processing are strategic, profitable, and sustainable businesses for the
Colombian Amazon (Contreras, 2017), the reality is that actions are needed to
consolidate both knowledge and actions for the establishment of sustainable
crops, which also promote market inclusion (Ríos et al., 2017). These actions
should be aimed at establishing strengthening and training plans and providing
investment resources to improve infrastructure and production chains to
increase the crop's profitability (UNDP, 2017). This should be promoted through
efficient government policies and investment by public and private entities in
the agro-industrial sector (UN, 2018).
In addition to this, the analysis
shows how, in the last decade, the public policies established in the 2014-2018
National Development Plan and Colombia Siembra have been short-ranged, given
the limited implementation initiatives (Contreras, 2017), where copoazú farmers
had little access to technical assistance and, as a result, the level of
technology adoption was also low (Ríos et al., 2017). In addition, the study
evaluates farmers' lack of knowledge of market demands and trends, which
impacts producers' low initiative and interest in increasing their production
systems by adding value to these products (Diaz, 2020).
However, in the village of Balcanes
in the municipality of Florencia, Caquetá, there is a similar situation where
there is little training in the technical management of copoazú cultivation,
little labor available to manage these crops, low generational renewal, and
poor working conditions for producers who added to their advanced age, cause
them to give up growing this Amazonian fruit. This village has six copoazú
producers with between one and two hectares of planted area, whose production
has reached half a ton per year.
It is necessary to generate
methodological strategies with the design of modules that allow for the
promotion of copoazú production and commercialization through innovative
training processes that encourage the development of technical and
administrative skills and capacities within the framework of sustainable
agriculture and social and economic development, involving all actors in the
production chain. All this through the adoption of a strengthening and training
plan aimed at structuring and strengthening the organizational capacity of
farmers through technical assistance. This results in support for farming
families in this village to improve their quality of life, health, and
well-being.
This support plan for training in
the technical management of copoazú cultivation is aimed at strengthening the
aspects, needs, requirements, expectations, and training interests of these
producers to optimize their crops through agroecological actions sustained by
the purpose of creating better opportunities for all, which transcend into
tourism and climate change mitigation by implementing environmentally friendly
actions. This work aims to develop a training plan in the technical management
of copoazú cultivation for producers in the village of Balcanes in the
municipality of Florencia, Caquetá.
Taking into account the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), which establish clear actions to develop ecological
agriculture, which is essential for promoting economic and social development,
especially in rural communities (FAO, 2022), it is necessary to design and
implement a training plan on the technical management of copoazú crops in the
village of Balcanes in the municipality of Florencia, Caquetá. This will enable
support to be provided to producers in this region through processes of
recognition of needs, requirements, and expectations and then allow
strengthening actions that lead to the establishment of sustainable Copoazú
crops that contribute to the family economy and the protection of the
environment.
Through this training plan on the
technical management of Copoazú crops, producers in the village of Balcanes
will be able to optimize their production systems with agroecological actions
supported by the opportunity to create better living conditions for themselves,
their families, and the surrounding community. This Amazonian fruit in the
department of Caquetá stands out as part of Colombia's biodiversity and as a
crop that represents an attractive business system for promoting economic
development in areas such as these, which have been significantly affected by
violence and conflict for decades (DONATE, 2022; Forbes, 2023).
From a methodological standpoint,
the training plan will be developed through learning modules with a guide that
allows producers in this village to improve their actions, practices, and
experiences to obtain greater profitability and productivity in their
agricultural economic activity while performing biodiversity preservation
functions. Regarding the contributions from the practical work and support
provided by the research intern, there is an opportunity to establish a
sustainable Copoazú agricultural program in this critical region of the
country, allowing for producing a product with high commercial and nutritional
value. The underlying goal is to work sustainably to conserve the Amazon and
use these Amazonian fruit trees in partnership with the local communities in
this region.
The learning modules included in
the training plan for the technical management of copoazú cultivation are based
on a practical assessment of the needs and requirements of producers in the
Balcanes district of the municipality of Florencia, Caquetá, and then provide
training and support to strengthen the knowledge of these farmers and
sustainably enhance their crops to obtain better opportunities in the local and
regional markets while practicing agroecological practices to conserve the
biodiversity of the Amazon.
Copoazú is a tropical fruit tree
that grows wild in the Amazon basin in Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, and
Brazil (Ministry of the Environment, 2022). Its economic importance lies in its
high nutritional value, which is marketed fresh and processed in many parts of
the world. It belongs to the tropical rainforest zone, growing at temperatures
of 21 to 27°C with relative humidity between 64 and 93 % (Zarate, 2022). In
Colombia, for example, it also grows in acidic soils with low percentages of
organic matter. The distribution of this species is reported to be
anthropogenic, as the seed was first brought from Brazil, specifically from
Manaus to Putumayo, and from there it has spread and been cultivated in
departments such as Caquetá and Guaviare (DONATE, 2022).
The tree can grow up to 18 meters
in the wild and has trichotomous branching starting at 14 months on average.
The branches are plagiotropic with a balanced distribution of fruits (Wallace,
2015). This fruit is primarily used in indigenous communities, which include it
as part of their diet. However, it is now an agricultural product established
through sustainable farming practices as part of sustainable agriculture. Given
its high adaptability to the ecology and soils prevalent in this Amazonian
region, it represents high economic potential. It has early fruiting, and
multiple associations and groups of farmers have developed technologies for
processing and preserving the seeds and pulp (Chaparro & López, 2018).
According to Agronet (2022),
copoazú production in 2019 is estimated at 520 tons and 820 tons for 2021, with
a planting area of more than 400 hectares planted with copoazú, especially in
the departments of Caquetá, Putumayo, and Meta. This fruit has significant
market opportunities, as it is a fresh fruit introduced into the industry for
preparing energy drinks, butter, copúlate, cosmetic products, and fruit pulp,
among others. With a low percentage of acidity, it has the potential to break
into large international food companies.
As a result, copoazú has attracted
the interest of many industry sectors, opening up a market that allows farmers
to obtain more significant economic returns to ensure a good quality of life.
However, within the technical management of copoazú cultivation, there is a
reality in which producers in some regions of Colombia do not have the support
or technical assistance that would allow them to apply better knowledge of
sustainable copoazú cultivation, highlighting a reality in which their needs
and requirements are unknown, as are their expectations (Gutiérrez et al.,
2019).
Hence, the importance of creating
inclusive businesses as a socioeconomic strategy has been established. Authors
such as Chaparro and López (2018) express that in the department of Caquetá,
there is an effective business opportunity in the cultivation of copoazú,
which, once solidified, will allow rural families to escape the extreme poverty
they find themselves. In addition, Diaz (2020) proposes that these actions
should be based on innovative strategies to educate rather than train people so
that they can acquire and apply their environmental management skills to the
conservation of biodiversity in this important region of the country and the
world.
METHOD
Location
La Vereda Balcanes is a rural area
located in the district of San Martín, 35 kilometers from Florencia's
municipality in the Caqueta, Colombia department. It is located at an
approximate altitude of 290 meters above sea level, with a temperature of 30°C,
annual rainfall of 2,500 mm, and relative humidity of 85 % (Lugo &
Jaramillo, 2010). This village is dominated by hilly and fertile landscapes,
where the land is divided into plots, and the inhabitants are characterized by
a lifestyle associated with rural and traditional socioeconomic, cultural, and
technological dynamics typical of a family, peasant, and community economy.
Figure 1 shows the location of the Balcanes village in the municipality of
Caquetá (figure 1).
The land is limited, the
technologies used are traditional, production is small-scale, and
self-consumption prevails, with the inhabitants of this area growing what they
eat and selling certain agricultural products to the surrounding community
through small exchanges and short commercial circuits. The sale of these
products allows for the sustainability and reproduction of the productive
systems but is insufficient for accumulation, i.e., for savings and economic
growth for its inhabitants. The natural capital of the Balcanes village
includes permanent access to the forest, water, fishing, and crops, which is
the main capital available to this village, allowing it to configure and
transform the different productive spaces that contribute to food security,
health, and economic well-being (Lugo & Jaramillo, 2010).
Similarly, 90 % of producers
consume firewood as their primary source of energy to meet their food needs,
using it for cooking. They spend less than two hours collecting firewood due to
the abundant forest cover in this area. Production is small-scale and consists
of family farming, predominately of subsistence crops. The average size of
farms or plots is 39 hectares, and the crops that generate income are bananas,
cassava, rubber, cocoa, sugarcane, and arazá. At the same time, animal
production is dominated by small-scale cattle farming for milk and meat.
Finally, the inhabitants of this region maintain fruit trees scattered
throughout different areas of their farms, such as guava and others, which they
use for their homes.
Meanwhile, regarding the
cultivation of copoazú, Dussán and Artunduaga (2019) state that in this
Amazonian region of the department of Caquetá, there are 1,500 hectares of
copoazú, which have been established through sexual seeds, with high genetic
variability, uneven plantations, low productivity, phytosanitary problems, and,
at times, a lack of knowledge about the ecosystem services provided by this
crop, such as its ability to fix atmospheric carbon. Similarly, this author
points out that copoazú producers do not have varieties or hybrids that
guarantee production security and product quality.
The population corresponds to the
unit of analysis of this study, referring to the participants involved in
developing each of the phases and stages that make up the work plan. In line
with this, Hernández and Mendoza (2018) argue that the population corresponds
to the universe of study on which a response to a specific phenomenon/problem
is sought, carrying out in-depth investigation processes. Therefore, the
population in this particular case corresponds to the six (6) farmers from
Copoazú in the Balcones de Florencia district of Caquetá, who were chosen for
convenience as this is a non-probabilistic technique that allows access to the
study participants for the duration of the internship.
In line with this, González (2021)
states that non-probability sampling provides the opportunity to establish or
select population samples with the explicit intention of studying their reality
in depth using previously established parameters, limiting the sample only to
the cases required for the research. The researcher intentionally chooses the
participants because it is a technique that is used regularly due to the ease
of accessing the participating population group within the time or period that
the activities described in the internship work plan and the study last.
Type of Research
Considering the purpose of this
work, a mixed paradigm is assumed, which not only seeks to quantify data but
also enables the analysis and interpretation of specific situations that arise
about the perceptions, experiences, and knowledge of the study participants,
which in this specific case are the six copoazú producers. Given this,
Hernández and Mendoza (2018) describe mixed research as a methodology that
involves collecting, analyzing, and integrating qualitative and quantitative
data within the same study. This provides a deep understanding that supports
assumptions and hypotheses. Similarly, Chávez (2018) points out that using a
mixed approach requires implementing a systematic and sequential process to
obtain a complete understanding of the phenomenon under study, allowing for the
comparison of factors, results, and findings. This enriches the research by
triangulating with greater depth, diversity, interpretive richness, and sense
of understanding.
The type of research, according to
the depth of the object of study, is descriptive; where Valle et al. (2022)
state that this type of study involves describing the characteristics of a
phenomenon or situation, establishing causal relationships that improve
understanding of the subject. In the particular case of this study, descriptive
research involves establishing standardized patterns of information on the
cultivation of copoazú as an alternative for the inhabitants of this Amazonian
region and its possible uses to improve its productive profitability, thereby
benefiting the family and community economy. On the other hand, Guevara et al.
(2020) state that this type of research provides accurate and detailed
representations of the observed facts, answering the research question and thus
allowing for an in-depth study of the topic in a natural environment of
action/study.
Approach
The research approach followed in
this internship is social criticism, as this method allows for research to be
carried out through progressive participation with the population under study
and to delve deeper into the issues facing the community. In this way, it turns
all participants into active actors in the research, leading to a deeper and
more dynamic process in which all participants enrich and provide the
information necessary for the progress and proper development of the research
process (Vera & Jara, 2018). The critical social approach is widely used in
qualitative research to achieve self-reflective and critical awareness that
allows for analyzing a particular group of people's interests, needs, and
requirements. To this end, dialogue, debate, and praxis (theory-practice
relationship) are used as the axes of the research, rejecting the belief that
human behavior is governed by general laws and maintaining that the social
world can only be understood from the point of view of the individuals who take
part in the action (Cebotare, 2017).
Therefore, adopting a mixed
paradigm under a critical social approach allows for a systematic and critical
process that embraces the objective vision provided by the quantitative part
and the subjective vision offered by the qualitative part, merging into a
method that encompasses a large number of elements and information to answer
the research question outlined in this study.
The research method used in this
internship study is deductive, which uses thinking that ranges from more
general and logical reasoning based on principles to a specific fact (Reyes et
al., 2022). This logical method concludes with a series of principles and
presupposes that the solution lies within the principles themselves. Similarly,
Espinoza (2018) indicates that the advantage of using the deductive method as a
research method is that it is one of the most effective for testing hypotheses,
as it allows for the explanation of causal relationships between concepts and
variables, generalizing the research results to a certain extent, and measuring
data quantitatively, which is faster and more effective.
Data collection techniques
· Interview:
according to Piza et al. (2019), the interview is a beneficial technique for
qualitative research because it collects data by creating an instrument that
uses questions to gather data and obtain in-depth information. Similarly,
Conejero (2020) states several types of interviews, the most notable of which
are unstructured, structured, and semi-structured. In this case, the interview
is semi-structured with seven (7) open-ended questions, grouped by topics or
categories based on the study's objectives and the literature on the subject.
· Survey:
Feria et al. (2020) point out that
surveys, a widely used technique in the field of research, use qualitative
approaches to obtain and process data quickly and effectively. In addition,
Tafur (2020) suggests that the objective of this technique is to collect data
that will be analyzed later, which involves establishing standardized or
semi-standardized open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires in a population
sample. In this case, surveys with 10 closed-ended questions in a
semi-standardized format will be conducted to achieve and fulfill the
objective.
Research analysis techniques
The measures of central tendency
that allow for the synthesis and analysis of the information in this study,
collected through surveys and interviews, will be categorized, tabulated,
graphed, interpreted, and analyzed. In addition, tools such as Microsoft Excel
will be used to systematize the data; the results will then be compared with
the theoretical and conceptual contributions established in the document's
frame of reference. In line with these approaches, Calduch (2019) states that
the analysis plan for this type of study uses descriptive and inferential
statistics, which allows for detailed and accurate observations in the case of
surveys. However, the interview will be conducted through data triangulation,
meaning the data will be coded according to categories. Then, graphs will be
established, interpreted, and discussed based on content analysis.
Data from producers were collected using
a seven-question interview. The information was entered into a program called
ATLAS.ti 23, where it was organized in a specific order. We began with plain
text summarizing the most important points collected. In the exploratory
analysis, we extracted the information cloud. Next, we moved on to the network
diagram and finally to the Sankey diagram to obtain the correlation diagram.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of the first graph (figure
1) reveals an integral connection between the key elements of the study on the
technical management of copoazú cultivation in Balcones Village. The
“University” plays a central role, contributing both in “Contribution” and
“Training.” The strategic interaction between these components suggests the
significant influence of the institution in the implementation of training
programs. “Training” emerges as a crucial component, linked to “Knowledge” and
“Satisfaction,” demonstrating that training is the leading cause of acquired
knowledge and contributes significantly to producer satisfaction. Taken
together, these findings highlight the university's strategic importance in
managing copoazú cultivation, supporting previous ideas and highlighting the
relevance of satisfaction in practical learning.
Figure 1.
Findings established with the application of the interview according to the
coding
The graph analysis shows an
integral connection between the key components of the study on the technical
management of copoazú cultivation in Balcones Village. The initial rectangle,
“University,” represents the educational institution that plays a fundamental
role in this process. Its contribution is divided into two main dimensions:
"Contribution” and “Training.”
The “Contribution” relationship is
established through a double-arrow connection with both “University” and
“Training,” suggesting that the university contributes significantly to both
aspects of the study. In particular, the connection with “Training” highlights
the direct influence of the academic institution in implementing specific
training programs.
For its part, “Training” is
presented as a crucial component, with two additional dimensions: “Knowledge”
and “Satisfaction.” The “Knowledge” relationship indicates that training is the
main cause of the knowledge acquired by producers in the Balcanes village
regarding copoazú cultivation. This connection reflects the effectiveness of
training programs in transferring relevant technical knowledge.
The relationship between “Training”
and “Satisfaction” reveals that both the knowledge acquired and the training
process itself contribute significantly to producers' overall satisfaction.
Both aspects, “Knowledge” and “Training,” converge in the final box,
“Satisfaction,” thus highlighting the importance of these elements in the
broader context of the research.
The graph illustrates a coherent
chain of events, where the university contributes through training, generating
knowledge, and ultimately positively influencing the satisfaction of producers
in the Balcanes village's technical management of copoazú cultivation. This
analysis highlights the strategic interconnection of key elements, providing a
deeper understanding of the dynamics involved in the training process and its
impact on participants.
The assertion that the university
plays a fundamental role in the technical management of copoazú cultivation
aligns with the ideas of Chaparro and López (2017), who highlight the
importance of institutions in continuous improvement and efficient training.
The bidirectional connection between “University” and “Training” suggests that
the institution provides resources and actively influences the implementation
of specific training programs. Albarracín et al. (2019) argue that studies on
the effectiveness of training support the idea that training led by
institutions significantly impacts participants.
The representation of the
“University” as the starting point highlights its fundamental role in the
technical management of copoazú cultivation in the Balcanes village. This
aligns with the idea that institutions, as mentioned in Chaparro and López
(2017), are key to continuous improvement and educational change in the
agricultural sector.
The double arrow connection between
“University,” “Contribution,” and “Training” indicates a significant
contribution by the university in both aspects. “This interconnection supports
the notion that the institution not only contributes resources but also
actively influences the implementation of specific training programs” (Stes
& Petegem, 2015). The existing literature has highlighted the crucial role
of universities in education and training, emphasizing their ability to
influence the design, implementation, and evaluation of training programs that
respond to the needs of participants and promote the development of relevant
skills and knowledge. The convergence of “Knowledge” and “Training” in
“Satisfaction” highlights the relevance of these elements in the broader
context of the research. “Producer satisfaction becomes a key indicator of the
success of the training process, which is consistent with the literature that
emphasizes the importance of satisfaction in learning and practical
application” (Salgado, 2015).
The analysis of the technical
management of copoazú cultivation in the Balcanes village highlights the
central importance of the “University” as a key agent. This entity contributes
significantly through “Training” and “Contribution,” influencing both the
knowledge acquired and the satisfaction of producers. The two-way connection
between the university and training supports the idea that it provides
resources and actively influences the implementation of specific training
programs, as supported by the literature. These findings reinforce the
relevance of collaboration between institutions and agricultural communities to
achieve a positive and sustainable impact on the technical management of
copoazú cultivation.
Figure 2.
Findings in relation to the coding of the Copoazú crop
The analysis of the second graph (figure
2) on copoazú cultivation in the Balcanes village highlights the essential
connection between efficient “Use” and crop development, revealing a complex
network of interrelationships. “Cultivation” emerges as a central component,
influencing historical evolution and closely associated with the “Tasks”
necessary for its maintenance. The critical node “Tasks” branches out into key
aspects such as “Fertilization,” “Impacts,” and “Maintenance,” demonstrating
its direct impact on the overall management of the crop. This comprehensive
approach, supported by the literature on sustainable agriculture, underscores
the importance of proper management from the outset and highlights agricultural
tasks as fundamental to the sustainability and quality of copoazú production in
Balcanes.
The second graph's analysis reveals
a complex network of interrelationships that sheds light on various aspects of
copoazú cultivation in the Balcanes village. The starting point, “Use,”
establishes a crucial link with “Cultivation,” suggesting a direct connection
between efficiency in use and crop development.
“Cultivation” emerges as a central
component with two significant dimensions. The first, ‘Is caused by,’
establishes a connection with ‘History,’ suggesting that the way cultivation is
carried out influences the historical evolution of this agricultural practice.
The second dimension, “Is a property of,” connects “Cultivation” with “Labor,”
highlighting the close association between the nature of copoazú cultivation
and the labor required for its maintenance and optimization. “Labor” becomes a
crucial node that branches out into three essential aspects of cultivation. The
connection “Is associated with” to “Fertilization” highlights the importance of
labor in fertilization processes, indicating an interdependence between these
agricultural practices. Simultaneously, the “Associated with” connections to
“Impacts” and “Maintenance” underscore the direct influence of labor on impact
management and the overall sustainability of the crop. This analysis reveals an
intricate network of relationships where initial utilization translates into
specific cultivation practices, which in turn influence the evolutionary
history of the crop. As a central component, agricultural practices directly
impact crucial aspects such as fertilization, impacts, and maintenance. This comprehensive
approach provides a deep understanding of the interconnected factors that
define the copoazú cultivation environment in the Balcanes village, providing a
solid foundation for future management and development strategies.
The connection between
“Utilization” and “Cultivation” highlights the importance of efficient
utilization for crop development. “This supports the notion that proper
management from the outset has a positive impact on crop evolution, as
suggested by the literature on sustainable agriculture” (Revista Campo Sureño,
2019). The existing literature on sustainable agriculture emphasizes the
importance of resource use efficiency, including the appropriate use of inputs
such as water, soil, and fertilizers, to ensure the long-term sustainability of
cropping systems. The “Causes” relationship between “Crop” and “History”
suggests that how a crop is grown influences its historical evolution. “This
finding is consistent with the idea that agricultural practices can have a
lasting impact on communities and their activities” (Sinchi, 2022). The
assertion that how cultivation is carried out influences its historical
evolution is in line with the idea that agricultural practices can have a
lasting impact on communities and their activities. The central importance of
“Labor” is evident in its connection to “Fertilization,” “Affectations,” and
“Maintenance.”
“This supports the notion that
agricultural laborers are fundamental to effectively managing critical aspects
such as fertilization, affectation management, and overall crop sustainability”
(Agriculture, 2023). Cultural practices are maintenance and care activities
carried out throughout the production of any plant, whether in open fields or
protected agriculture. These activities offer greater efficiency in the
regulation and application of nutrients, which implies the correct use of
resources such as water and fertilizers and low maintenance costs. It is also
possible to obtain more plants and higher quality production. Irrigation,
nutrition, staking, pruning, and thinning are some cultural practices that
influence the effective management of critical aspects of cultivation.
The analysis of the second graph on
copoazú cultivation in the Balcanes village highlights the crucial importance
of efficient use, which is directly linked to crop development. The connection
between “Crop” and “History” suggests that how a crop is grown influences its
historical evolution, supporting the idea that agricultural practices have a
long-term impact. The central node “Tasks” branches out into key aspects such
as “Fertilization,” “Effects,” and “Maintenance,” highlighting the direct
influence of tasks on the overall management of the crop. This comprehensive
approach provides a solid foundation for future management strategies,
supported by existing literature on sustainable agriculture. Overall, it
highlights the importance of an efficient start and agricultural practices to
ensure sustainability and quality in copoazú production in the Balkans.
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FINANCING
No financing.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of
interest.
AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTION
Data curation: Brayan
Stiven Calderón Trujillo, Verenice Sánchez Castillo.
Methodology: Brayan
Stiven Calderón Trujillo, Verenice Sánchez Castillo.
Software: Brayan
Stiven Calderón Trujillo, Verenice Sánchez Castillo.
Drafting - original draft:
Brayan Stiven Calderón Trujillo, Verenice Sánchez Castillo.
Writing - proofreading and editing:
Brayan Stiven Calderón Trujillo, Verenice Sánchez Castillo.
ANNEXES
Appendix A. Interview application
Bolívar farm, Balcanes village.
Interview with Mr. Wilmar, son of Mrs. Blanca
1. How long have you been growing
copoazu?
A: We have been harvesting the crop
for about a year and a half to two years, and the crop is 17 years old.
2. What cultural practices do you
identify as necessary for the cultivation of copoazu and how do they benefit
its optimal development?
A: Cultural practices are
equivalent to cleaning, organizing the crop, applying fertilizers, pruning, and
removing shade, as it is a crop that had been abandoned.
3.What were the main constraints
you encountered in implementing your crop?
A: In terms of constraints in
implementation, they would be abandonment and neglect, since the crop was
planted by my grandparents and my grandfather was alone and they had no labor.
4. How do you think the
implementation of a training plan could improve the quality or quantity of your
copoazu harvest?
A: The benefit is having it well
organized according to the plantation’s needs, which improves the quality and
quantity of the harvest and boosts morale because it makes you happier when the
crop responds well.
5. Have you received any training
in the past? Do you feel that this training was helpful for your copoazu
cultivation?
A: To be honest, Brayan, so far
what I have learned and what I have achieved and what has encouraged me are the
visits you have been making, starting with Professor Diego and the university
students who have visited us. I think those have been the only lessons or
workshops or learning experiences because I had not had any training before,
and thank God, as I have always told everyone, 10 out of 10 points.
6. Regarding pests and diseases,
which ones do you know and have you identified on your property?
A: From what I have learned from
you, I will name two, which are witch’s broom and monilia. I call it fungus,
and that is why I say that I have learned about it because when I saw it on the
crop, I said, “It has freckles, or it has chills.” Day after day, you learn,
and you also look at your crops and see that those ants are bothering them.
According to what I’ve read, they’re not good for this crop. Another thing I
call a disease is termites because they eat my trees.
7. What important aspects do you
think should be explored or addressed in a training plan on copoazu
cultivation?
A: Look, to be honest, in your
case, personally, I haven’t had any problems because I’m one of those people
who likes to be evaluated, and I like to evaluate, and I’m one of those people
who asks a lot of questions. I ask one thing and then another, But the
university students have been excellent at explaining things, and I believe
that if you want to learn, you have to ask questions, because that’s how you
learn. I don’t think there’s a lack of focus in any area, and as I’ve told all
your colleagues, the Bolivar farm is always open to you.
*